<!-Quote-!>Quote:actually you, out of ignorance, used the wrong word and I took advantage of your ignorance. Just for the record, read it for yourself.<!-/Quote-!>
Solomon, Solomon, Solomon... You miss the point like an Irish sniper on St Patrick's day.
I had hoped that it wouldn't come to this, but it seems like it cannot be avoided. For your benefit - and my own amusement - here is a brief lesson in English.
Language is a beautiful thing - quite possibly the greatest achievement of mankind as a species. It allows one to communicate abstract concepts in a generally meaningful way, provided, of course, that it is wielded with sufficient articulatory skill.
Now English, like most human languages, affords one the ability to exchange and impart knowledge based upon a common, shared set of conceptual alphanumeric characters commonly referred to as letters. These letters can be arranged into a wide variety of idiomatic forms which, individually or combined, allow one to articulate a concept, thought or shared supposition. These "forms" are commonly referred to as words, which form the lexis of any given language - in this case, English.
Now the purpose of words is to act as a functional carrier of meaning, acting through an assumed shared common association, the nature of which links in quite strongly to the aforementioned articulation. The nature of this meaning held by words is better known as semantics.
In terms of expressing conceptual devices through a common lexical function, one must assume an affirmed semantic commonality between any persons wishing to express a given concept and those who are to be informed.
The very mechanism of which can prove quite cumbersome when one takes into account the multi-faceted nature of any singular lexical device, in this case the varying multiplex of semantic definition offered to each individual word.
In order to ensure that such troublesome occurrences are not overly common, many languages then rely upon the formation of patterns within word formation, such as inflection, derivation and composition - or morphology, as it is better known - and the patterns of formation within the sentence structure itself - the syntax.
In combination, these are part of a larger group of functions which aid in ensuring a common semantic framework which is more commonly known as grammar.
This framework, rather conveniently, assigns almost all alphanumerical forms and entities a lexical category which help to define meaning.
These include, but are not limited to:
Nominals (nouns and pronouns),
Adjectives,
Verbs,
Pronouns,
Prepositions.
Now, to apply this to a "case-study" in order to render an example of confused semantic meaning we will require an appropriate phrase and all of its definitions.
Rather conveniently, we have the following sentence:
<!-Quote-!>Quote:...he voted for him despite him being black.<!-/Quote-!>
And the subsequent misrepresentation of the word "despite" therein.
As this example sentence has been disastrously truncated in order to remove the primary context, and thus deprive it of any subsequent contextual framework, we must take it at face value. Luckily for us, this does not alter the original meaning significantly at all, and in applying known grammatical constructs one is able to quite easily decipher a meaning.
Turning back to the criticism offered regarding the above quoted statement, which referenced the usage of the lexical entity "despite" as a cause for contention, we must primarily break down the offered definition of "despite" and then proceed to redefine the word from the implied semantic nature offered in the criticism, and return it to the original context-oriented form as given prior to the truncation.
First, the criticism attempted to narrow the meaning of the word "despise" by falsely categorising it as a noun within the above context;
<!-Quote-!>Quote:* Main Entry: 1 despite
* Function: noun
1 : the feeling or attitude of despising : contempt
2 : malice, spite
3 : an act showing contempt or defiance<!-/Quote-!>
It is important to note, at this time, the precise nature of a noun.
Nouns, and the similar construct known as pronouns, are part of a group known more widely as nominals. Nominals are referential in nature, in the sense that they are typically indicative of an observable entity or concept within the real world - in the case of the above offered definition, an emotion.
Deconstructing the sentence,
<!-Quote-!>Quote:...he voted for him despite him being black.<!-/Quote-!>
we find a single noun (black) and some recursive pronouns (he, him). In this case the offered definition of "despite" in the form of a noun expressing an emotive state would render the sentence meaningless within its original, untruncated context by simple virtue of a more clear semantic intent.
Indeed, the purpose is far better served by the logical assumption that "despite" in this case is in fact a preposition - or a lexical form indicative of a relationship between a noun/pronoun and another function, sometimes acting as a grammatical modifier thereof. In this case, the preposition is an indication of a relationship between two pronouns, altering effective definition of the form "despite" and as such redefining the implied shared semantic derivation of the entire concept,
<!-Quote-!>Quote:despite
preposition, noun, verb.
-preposition
1. in spite of; notwithstanding.
-noun
2. contemptuous treatment; insult.
3. malice, hatred, or spite.
-verb (used with object)
4. Obsolete. to anger or annoy (someone) out of spite.
-Idiom
5. in despite of, in spite of; notwithstanding: He was tolerant in despite of his background and education.<!-/Quote-!>
In this case, we see the prepositional form taking the definition of "in spite of," further referenced with an example of "Notwithstanding."
By supplanting "notwithstanding" for "despite" we retain the following observed meaning:
<!-Quote-!>Quote:Notwithstanding
-preposition
1. in spite of; without being opposed or prevented by<!-/Quote-!>
Feeding these definitions back into the original example, we can thus entertain possible alternatives for the truncated sentence which retains a similar functional semantic nature.
"...he voted for him despite him being black."
Alternatively,
"...he voted for him in spite of the fact that he was black."
"...he voted for him regardless of the fact that he was black."
"...he voted for him without taking into account that he was black."
Or, of a completely different form but with the same conceptual functionality,
"...the fact that he was black did not factor into his decision to vote for him."
So, ultimately, the original semantic intent of the sentence was retained effectively within the grammatical construct of the lexical concatenation itself. Rather, the fallacious conclusions, as drawn within the body of the critique, stems from the original erroneous constraints placed upon it by the miscategorisation of the form "despite" as a noun rather than a preposition, and the ensuing dispersion of shared conceptual devices became inevitable. As a result of this an erroneous semantic structure was given to the form "despise" and the example "case study" sentence by direct extension.
But you were right about one thing, Solomon; this conversation will bear no further fruit. So I bid you farewell, and leave you to it.